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When a patient presents with a decreased lung capacity (diminished volume lungs can hold during inspiration) resulting from a decrease in lung tissue elasticity, they suffer from restrictive lung disease. Restrictive pulmonary illnesses represent about 1/5th of all pulmonary syndromes. The reduced lung capacity can be caused by a variety of chronic conditions we will be discussing in this article.
A "brain attack" also known as a stroke develops when blood flow to the brain tissue is blocked. Brain hypoxia (low levels of oxygen distribution in the tissues) develops in many ways which we will discuss below. In this instance, time is of the essence as brain cells die rather quickly. The prevalence of stroke is placed as the second leading cause of death worldwide, thus making it an important topic of discussion.
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial illness affecting people of all age groups. An individual is diagnosed as obese (by measuring their BMI -Body Mass Index) when their weight is much higher than what is considered normal/healthy. It should be noted that the BMI test itself is flawed as it does not take various factors into consideration (body composition i.e., muscle mass, sex, age, and ethnic background) thus the physician must take a complete look at a patient even after getting the BMI results. Obesity presents as one of the leading threats to early death worldwide. The prevalence of obesity stands at 38.9% worldwide.
Pelvic inflammatory disease or PID is an inflammatory process of the reproductive organs in women. PID most commonly results from bacterial infections acquired during intercourse, mainly chlamydia, and gonorrhea. At other times, it can result from bacteria entering the uterus during instances when the cervical barrier is disturbed (i.e., after abortion, miscarriage, or childbirth). The disease results from what we call an "ascending" infection thus spreading from the lower genitalia (i.e., vagina) to the upper genitalia (i.e., Uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries).
Cervical health screening is a must, don’t look the other way. It is a simple yet effective method to inspect your cervical health. As the 4th most commonly occurring cancer in women worldwide, it is imperative to get tested. Cervical cancer was shown to be most prevalent in third-world countries, thus occurring mostly in women who do not have access to medical facilities.
Cystitis is the term used to describe bladder inflammation. The main cause of bladder inflammation is a bacterial infection. The following can be classified as the following: simple urinary tract infection (UTI) which occurs in healthy men and non-pregnant women; or complicated UTI which is associated with risk (i.e., antibiotic failure). Cystitis can also be induced by non-infectious factors (i.e., medication).
Polycystic ovarian syndrome also known as PCOS is a fairly common condition in which women produce an abnormally high level of androgens (male sex hormones). The disease is described as polycystic because fluid-filled sacs containing immature eggs form along the outer edges of the ovaries. This condition has a prevalence of 4-20% of women in their reproductive age.
As of 2020, breast cancer cases account for 24.5% of all cancer detections worldwide. A self-examination is an important tool as it can be done in the comfort of your home. The self-exam hasn’t been shown to improve prognosis in breast cancer patients, still, it is recommended by physicians to be familiar with your own breast in order to report changes when presented.
Menstrual cycles differ from woman to woman. Many causes come into play when it comes to menstrual cycle abnormalities. Menstrual anomalies are among the most common cause of gynecological consultations with a global prevalence of 30-70% in women of childbearing age. This short article will briefly discuss the common causes, the associated symptoms, what diagnostic tools are used, and how to treat them.
Uterine fibroids (also known as leiomyomas) are the most common benign uterine tumors appearing in women of childbearing age. Although considered an incidental finding most of the time, the data suggests that uterine fibroid prevalence ranges from 4.5-68.6% of women. Leiomyomas can differ in size, growth rate, or number.
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